Organizational Culture at Krispy Kreme Essay

Organizational culture is defined as â€Å"a system of shared meaning held by members† of an organization which effectively sets it apart from other groups or organizations (Robbins, 2005). The system referred to in the definition is in reality a group of characteristics which are valued by the members of an organization, in particular, and the entire organization, in general. These characteristics, which are found to be predominant in an organization, are actually advocated and promoted by the founders of the organization. By and large, organizational culture has seven general characteristics which generally describe a certain organization. These are: â€Å"innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, and stability† (Robbins, 2005). Innovation and risk taking refers to the tendency of management to adopt a policy which permits or encourages its workforce to seek out and introduce new methods and approaches even if some amount or risk-taking is involved. Aggressive companies are aptly described by this characteristic. Attention to detail, on the other hand, means that management insists that employees exhibit absolute accuracy in every facet of operation. This is prevalent among companies engaged in the production of precision instruments and devices. Outcome orientation is an organizational characteristic which simply means that the owners of the business are willing to sacrifice adherence to prescribed rules, regulations, and procedures if by doing so optimal results are achieved. Concern for the safety and well-being of its workers are the primary objectives of an organization which is characterized as being people oriented. For this type of an organization, outcome or even profit take secondary position to the welfare of workers. This means that no matter how profitable a decision could be for the company, it could get sidelined if evidence suggests that the safety of the employees would be compromised. Meanwhile, team orientation should be interpreted as the inclination of an organization to organize work activities around work teams rather than individual workers. In other words, the organization believes that teams perform better than individuals. Aggressiveness refers to the management policy of not only tolerating an aggressive attitude among its workers but also encouraging competition. This characteristic also implies that the organization has the tendency to resort to expansion without waiting for stability to be firmly established. Finally, stability is the opposite characteristic of aggressiveness. The company prefers the stable, profitable status quo over hasty expansion plans. An organization characterized by stability is not in a hurry to strive for growth and expansion and is usually contented with the present so long as its desired profit is realized. In the case of Krispy Kreme, its statement of objective clearly made known its aggressiveness, i. . : â€Å"As we enter the 21st Century, Krispy Kreme is not slowing down† (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). This statement depicts a company in a hurry – a characteristic which is very admirable as far as an aggressive individual is concerned. Data available in the company website support this declaration. After the initial public offering of its stock in the year 2000, the first international outlet near Toronto in Canada was inaugurated in December 2001. The Canadian expansion started the company’s thrust towards international growth. Today, barely eight years later, Krispy Kreme products are already available in Mexico, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, Kuwait, Dubai, Hongkong, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). The other appealing characteristics of the company are: innovation and risk taking, and team orientation. The company took its first calculated risk as early as 1950 when it decided to be innovative and sought to improve its doughnut-making process by designing its own doughnut-making equipment. Their objective was achieved through the efforts of a team of equipment engineers that it organized, thereby putting emphasis on the importance of team orientation. The collaboration of the engineers allowed Krispy Kreme to become the first company to serve hot doughnuts to their customers. Their engineering team is also continuously improving their hot doughnut technology to preserve the company’s leadership status in the hot doughnut business (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ) The culture at Krispy Kreme could also be characterized as people oriented because the organization is customer-responsive. The workforce is composed of employees who are recruited because of their innate friendliness and service-oriented tendency. Moreover, employees are not bound by hard and fast rules in their dealing with customers. There exists a rather low level of formalization in the company and in its stores that allows employees to make the necessary adjustments that would enable them to deal satisfactorily with different kinds of people who come from all walks of life. Management refers to this policy as empowerment because it allows Krispy Kreme employees to do what they think is necessary in order to make their customers happy and satisfied. Being people oriented (particularly customer-responsive), Krispy Kreme has made it clear that employees should be painstaking in their efforts to please their customers and ensure that they keep coming back (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, n. d. ). By cultivating and sustaining a strong culture, the management has effectively informed its employees exactly what the company expects of them. Foremost among these is for the engineering team to keep on discovering new technologies that would improve their doughnut-making capability and preserve company leadership in the industry. Then its army of chefs should assume adequate vigilance in the preparation of their products so that customers are always satisfied with Krispy Kreme doughnuts and coffee, among others. Finally, store front-liners are expected to go out of their way to satisfy customer needs – to be sincerely friendly, helpful, and accommodating, thereby generating customer loyalty (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. n. d. ). As Robbins (2005) has specifically prescribed, a strong culture should have a â€Å"high degree of sharedness and intensity [which] creates an internal climate of high behavioral control. † At Krispy Kreme, only applicants who are perceived to fit the bill are hired. Then the culture of the company is drilled into them from day one, thereby effectively shaping the organizational behav ior of every worker.

Consider how Shakespeare presents madness Essay

Consider how Shakespeare presents madness in the play and explain whether you think it does illustrate how, â€Å"something is rotten in the state of Denmark. † One of the main themes in Hamlet is that of madness. Shakespeare conveys madness through not only Hamlet but through other characters as well, such as Ophelia, to covey that that the state of Denmark is rotten. At the beginning of the play, the first thing introduced are the night watchmen seeing the ghost. This is at the beginning because it is the first event in the chain that eventually leads to Hamlet seeking revenge for his father’s death. Although he was upset by his father’s death and his mother’s ‘o’erhasty marriage’, it was the revelation that his father was murdered that he thinks that he must take revenge. When Horatio first speaks to the ghost he recognises that it is unnatural for it to be there; â€Å"What art thou that unsurp’st this time of night†, illustrating that he feels that the ghost has ‘wrongfully seized’ the night. The atmosphere is unsettling and the ghost’s unnatural appearance is a sign of the bad things going on in Denmark, especially the court; â€Å"This bodes some strange eruption to our state. † During the times that the play was written, unusual things that happened were seen as a sign that something was not right in the courts; â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark†. This could be referring either to the whole of Denmark, or just the courts. It is after Hamlet sees the ghost that he decides that he will pretend to be mad; â€Å"put an antic disposition on†, but he does not want his friends to tell anyone what they have seen or that he is feigning madness; â€Å"Never make known what you have seen tonight†, as he believes that this way he can find means to exact his revenge on Claudius for killing his father; â€Å"And thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain†, meaning that all he shall have in his thoughts is how the ghost of his father told him to exact revenge on Claudius. This is the first step in the theme of madness for the play. Although Hamlet clearly says that he will be putting on his madness, it is uncertain whether actually he does go mad during the play, as illustrated in his outbursts towards his mother and Ophelia, and the murder of Polonius. There is much deception during the play, such as Claudius trying to gloss over the fact that he knows that his marriage to Gertrude could be seen as incest by the Church and that Hamlet should have been the rightful heir to the throne; â€Å"Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature that we with wisest sorrow think on him together with remembrance of ourselves. † He says that he is mourning and feels that mourning is appropriate for the old king, but he must think of himself, perhaps hinting at the fact that the death was convenient for him and he has had enough of mourning. This is characteristic of him throughout the play as all he has done and will do is for his own self interest, as when Hamlet asks if he can leave the castle, Claudius refuses, saying; â€Å"And we beseech you, bend you to remain here in the cheer and comfort of our eye†. He appears to be asking him to stay for his comfort, but he actually wants to keep an eye on him because he knows that he is still a threat to him and the throne. He at first seemed to want Hamlet to become like a son to him, but that changes as soon as he realises he could be a threat to him. He also continually uses the words ‘we’, ‘our’ and ‘us’ to establish himself as the husband of Gertrude and the King of Denmark. Polonius comments; â€Å"with pious action we do sugar o’er the devil himself†. To which Claudius replies as an aside; â€Å"The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plastering art, is not more ugly to the thing that helps it than is my deed to my most painted word. † Claudius admits that he is covering up the truth, continuing the theme of deception, adding to the audience’s awareness of the rottenness of Denmark. As there becomes more deception and secrecy throughout the play, it seems that the imagery in the language reflects the deception, and images of disease are used; â€Å"For the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion†. This could be language to refer to how that state of Denmark is rotting, but also Hamlet’s language seems to reflect his turmoil as he tried to decide what to do about Claudius, and as he gets more frustrated with himself he becomes more abusive towards his mother and Ophelia; â€Å"You are keen my lord, you are keen. † â€Å"It would cost you a groaning to take off mine edge. † He is taunting Ophelia using double meaning. Hamlet is very good at creating double meanings, like when he says to Claudius; â€Å"I am to much i’th’sun†, which he says as if he is in too much sunshine but also he is saying that he feels too much like Claudius’s son. Later in the play the text says; â€Å"It will but skin and film the ulcerous place, whiles rank corruption, mining all within, infects unseen. † He is saying that corruption, like infection starts within, and the corruption of Denmark will begin with the court. This also links in with madness because madness also starts from within – within the mind, and perhaps it is saying that just one unstable mind could bring down all the state. Another way that Shakespeare presents madness in the play is through Ophelia. She goes mad after Hamlet kills her father, but also because of the way Hamlet treated her – cruelly. He said to her that he loved her, and there were some hints that he had been intimate with her, but he treats her badly and even tells her that he does not love her. She has been a victim of a corrupt society – from Hamlet leaving her and from her father, such as using her as a pawn to spy on Hamlet. After she has become mad, she sings many songs. The first one that she sings is, ‘How should I you true love know’. This song could be her recalling the death of her father; â€Å"He is dead and gone lady, he is dead and gone. † This is the first thing that comes into her mind to sing about, so it must be the thing that is foremost in her mind. It could also be that she is recalling how Hamlet is now lost to her, and she is still looking for her true love, because it seems obvious that she has not found him yet. However, the rest of the songs seem to be about Hamlet, as they are about lost love and some of them imply that Ophelia had been sexually intimate with Hamlet; â€Å"Quoth she, before you tumbled me you promised me to wed†. It seems that both her father and Hamlet are responsible for Ophelia’s madness, and this is reiterated by what Ophelia sings about. Ophelia was controlled all the men in her life, and this was customary for the time, but it seems that they took too much of a hold on her, with none of them considering her feelings, for her father told her to no longer speak to Hamlet as it could affect his career, Laertes also told her to stay away from Hamlet and Hamlet was cruel to her. She also says, after her first song; â€Å"They say the owl was a baker’s daughter. † This could just be nonsense, but it could also be referring to her father, saying that once she was the daughter of a man in the court, but now she is just the daughter of a dead old man. Polonius did help the corruption in Denmark, such as spying and trying to make sure his own career was safe, and because of him Ophelia is mad. Hamlet also said that he loved Ophelia, and whereas before he was tender, due to the corruption around him and his succumbing to it, he was a factor in Ophelia’s madness, which eventually led to her suicide. By the actions of people around her, Ophelia is tainted by the corruptness around, as Hamlet says in the beginning of the play says that she is pure, but later on says she is wanton like all women, and tells her; â€Å"to a nunnery go. † This could be to send her to be protected, or it could be a sarcastic remark telling her to go to a brothel.

Addressing Medication Errors Occurring in Nursing

In any healthcare scenario, the process of achieving effective therapeutic outcomes depends on various factors like treatment process, patient safety, communication, nursing care, drug interventions etc. (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). Any kind of minor or major mistake in any of these factors can lead to drastic loss of patient health and healthcare organisation. Out of these factors drug intervention or medication is the most fundamental requirement to achieve treatment. Any kind of mistake or negligence in drug intervention process can result in direct side effect on patient’s health (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to Raban & Westbrook (2014), medication error is reported to be a reason for thousands of demises and millions of hospitalisation globally. Hence, fixation of any medication error becomes a fundamental requirement in healthcare scenario. The medication administration and management is one of the fundamental nursing roles that critically depend on the nursing skills and knowledge. The nursing staffs have the responsibility to administrate, monitor and manage the drug intervention for hospitalised patients. Therefore, continuous observance, alertness and approaches are required in healthcare scenario to avoid the potential chances of medical error (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to Unver, Tastan & Akbayrak (2012) studies the proper definition for medication error is â€Å"any avoidable incident that risks to incongruous medication use causing or leading patient harm, although being under the control of medical professional, carer or consumer†. The medication error incidences are related to healthcare products, medical practices, medical prescriptions, procedures, nursing practices, product labelling, compounding, distribution, education, dispensing, monitoring, utilisation and communication. Any kind of negligence in these events can lead to medication errors. Therefore, adopting best possible strategies to avoid this medication error in healthcare scenario is one of the major priority concerns (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). As a registered nurse, it is been noticed in my clinical scenario that issue of medication error is gaining a possible position where around 60% risk event in hospital occur due to medication negligence’s in the nursing care unit. Some of the most common factors related to these medication errors are new staff, insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors). These factorial causes of medication error indicate nursing medication negligence in the clinical scenario. Therefore, it is critically required to minimise these events and manage medication error to improve medical care facility provided by nursing care unit. This Quality Improvement Project is specifically designed to manage this issue of medication error in healthcare scenario. The various negligence’s and issues in nursing care will be addressed as per the quality improvement process provided in this project to get a control over events of medication error in the organisation. The medication errors described above are clearly indicating the lack of knowledge, calibre and guidance provided to the nursing staff of the hospital. The administration, prescription and preparation errors directly specify the issue in nursing skills and practice. Therefore, this quality improvement project will work to improve the nursing skills by providing a Short-term Periodic Training (STPT) Program that will acknowledge the staff about different strategies to avoid such medication error while dealing with patients in the hospital. This nursing training program is safe and specifically developed to improve nursing practice within the short duration of time to improve medical care. The aim of this quality improvement project will be to implement Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT program) to overcome nursing issues and mishandling that are increasing the risk of medication errors in healthcare scenario of selected organisation. The medication error is always considered to be a major clinical issue because it directly affects the patient safety and treatment process. Any kind of minor negligence in medication process is prone to develop major clinical consequences (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). This project will help to decrease the risk cases occurring due to medication errors caused by mishandling and negligence’s of nursing staff in the healthcare organisation. The Short-term Nursing Program will work to overcome the identified factors leading to the medication error in nursing care unit causing high risk to patient safety. Hence, this quality improvement intervention will help to overcome the medication error harming medical care process. The establishment of patient safety and health betterment is the very first priority of quality healthcare services management. There are various faults and errors that lead to the imbalance in quality outcomes where medication error holds a top most position. After doctors prescribe a medicine the major role players are the nurses whose fundamental work is to manage the treatment of their patient (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to a recent study related to Medication Safety in Australia provided by Chiang et al. (2010) the faults in nursing administration leads to 70% medication errors. Faults like wrong dose, wrong rate, wrong volume or dose incompatibility were reason of 90% medication error in nursing care unit resulting in surgical requirement, long patient stay and permanent health defects in the patients. Unver, Tastan, & Akbayrak (2012) studied the causes of medication error as per nurse’s viewpoint where the findings indicated more than ten leading factors of medication error responded by paediatric nurses. The major once were stress (70%), burnout (45%), complicated prescription (30%), unfamiliar medicines (40%), work pressure (35%), knowledge deficiencies (20%), and lack of facilities (4%). Further, in a survey studied by Pham et al. (2012) indicated that majority of nursing staff is not aware of the correct form of medication error. Only 20% nurses mentioned medication error as the wrong dose, incorrect time of dose, and wrong mode of transmission and wrong administration process. However, rest 80% of nurses mentioned medication error as lack of documentation and reporting as the medication error. Hence, this literature indicated a lack of proper nursing education that detects the wrong perceptions of nurses about medication error. Kalisch & Aebersold (2010) indicated that nursing experience and education is one of the critical factors that is directly linked to medication error. The less experienced and skilled nurses cause 50% of medication errors that includes wrong patient, incorrect dilution calculations, incorrect dosage, incorrect administration and improper reporting. Seys et al. (2012) supported by indicating that naà ¯ve nurses are generally not able to recognise their medication error as well as they lack proper knowledge in warrant reporting. This indicates a lack in professional training system of the healthcare organisation. In the study of Sears, Goldsworthy & Goodman (2010) related to nurse’s viewpoint on medication error, it is clearly indicated that lack of pharmacological knowledge is a major reason for medication error as per viewpoint of 237 professional nurses. Hence, this directly indicates a requirement of improved training intervention in nursing practice. Chhabra et al. (2012) studied in a survey that 80% of new nurses commit medication error in first six months of their nursing practice where 70% remained unreported by them and 10% caused serious health hazards to the patient. There are different strategies and programs implemented at various organisations in a different manner to cope up with the medication error. Agyemang & While (2010) Opine the use of different strategies to avoid three major causes that are knowledge gaps, performance lapse, and failure of the safety system of medication. The strategies of MEDMARX program are described below: - Further, Mueller et al. (2012) studied that E-learning is the most contemporary form of nursing education with the help of which nurses can get instant solutions for their issue related to medication process. This e-learning strategy helped to improve pharmaceutical knowledge and dosage calculation for nurses. The E-learning facility is new to nursing practices but possesses potential positive outcomes. Seys et al. (2012) studied the use of one nursing education program named as SCRIPT study that was developed to improve the issues like unreadable prescriptions, improper antibiotics documentation, and poor communication leading to medication error. The SCRIPT abbreviation was used in a manner to detail educational message about the program that indicated, S : Senior doctor cross-check, C: Check allergies, R : wRite indications for antibiotics, I: (Initial Date) of charting medicine in parenthesis, P: PRINT and sign your name, T: Appropriate Targets for infusions in the nurs ing practice. The post education results indicated a decrease in prescription error, dose infusions and communication errors. Mohammad et al. (2010) studied an Evidence-based quality improvement program (IQ program) used in hospitals of sixteen states where 30% of 616 critical care hospitals participated in program implementation. The findings indicated that project was successful in improving medication quality and safety in 90% of hospitals. The program used five strategies that are maintaining skilled nursing and pharmacist staff, use of pharmacological reconciliation techniques, implementing technological software’s (telehealth), improving nurse workflow and improving cultural defects in the organisation. Kwan et al. (2013) indicated that reviewing and updating service techniques with education and training on the periodic basis is effective to refine the nursing staff as per dwelling issues and problems in healthcare. This periodic training program can help to regularly update healthcare services as per the changing environmental complex situations. This Quality Improvement research proposal will work to rectify the on-going medication errors that clearly highlight a lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in the nursing staff of the organisation. The identified issue are insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors) that are leading to medication error establishment. Therefore, to overcome these factors that dwell medication error a Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT) will be proposed in this project that will help to overcome these issues in the clinical scenario. This STPT will be a short-term 5 days training that will be provided to nursing staff of organisation in every six months to address the identified medication errors. As per the detected causes of medication error, this STPT will be designed and modified in every 6 month period by the experts to upgrade the nursing education and knowledge to cope up with changing healthcare environment and to address the medication errors for medical care improvement. This STPT program will involve an array of five strategies where each strategy will be guided to nurses on each day of the program. These strategies will be produced as per the identified medication error and mistakes in healthcare functionality. The establishment of STPT program will help to achieve equilibrium to manage the regular issues in medication services as well as the program will work to regularly upgrade the skills, education and knowledge of nursing staff within the organisation. Hence, this intervention will provide a regular process to control the medication complexity and establish the proper working environment. This quality improvement intervention will be planned using PDSA approach to regularly analyse the outcomes of this program. According to Nakayama et al. (2010) P-plan, D-do, S-study and A-act is a cycle that helps to analyse the impact of any trail or change in particular scenario. The planning phase involves the planning of change, do phase involves the implementation of change, study phase is accessing or studying the outcomes of change, and act phase involve determining the modification required in next change cycle. PDSA is considered as the ideal model of improvement. Figure 1: PDSA approach for quality improvement (Source: Nakayama et al. 2010, p. 337) In this project, PDSA cycle will be used to implement and test the effect of STPT program for addressing medication error. The below provided is the PDSA design and processes that will lead to development and evaluation of quality improvement program STPT for addressing the medication error in the present clinical scenario.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the current approach  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the potential solutions For the planning phase, the required authorities that include management committee, medical specialists, senior nursing staff and senior pharmacist will be invited to attend a meeting where the medication issues identified will be discussed in details. The aim statement will be to educate nursing staff as per the identified medication error causes in the clinical scenario. The issues will be identifies using the baseline performance audit and health information data of the involved patients. As per the discussion, possible solutions or strategies will be identified to manage these issues. As the current issues are lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in nursing staff the proposed training and education strategies are: -  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about five rights of medication administration that are the right drug, right patient, right time, right route and right dosage.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about reconciliation procedures  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about e-learning process to improve knowledge  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about process to documenting medication information and reporting medication error  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guiding about the use of drug guide and suggesting to carry it all the time (Jones & Treiber, 2010).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyse the improvement theory  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiate the STPT program intervention  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collect the data to analyse  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Document the collected information The education program will be conducted with complete medical, pharmaceutical and surgical nursing staff. The program process will be carried for five days (2 hours) where each day a particular strategy will be taught by nursing teachers to the staff using audio-visual presentations. The education program will be designed as time efficient and simple. After the completion of the program a feedback form will be generated that is required to be filled by each participant of the program. This feedback data will help to analyse the effectiveness of program among audiences. After the completion of the educational program, a post-intervention will be checked for next five-week to detect the improvements in medication errors.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studying and analysing the collected data  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the errors and improvements In this phase of PDSA analysis, the collected feedback and audit information will be analysed to detect the improvement in medication error factors, mortality and serious hospitalisation, and impact on nursing staff for the implemented STPT program.    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Re-analysing the STPT program strategies  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Establishing future strategies This phase of PDSA cycle is to re-examine the error in program development and implementing the possible solution for mistakes detected as per analysis. The modifications will be made in program education strategies in the next STPT program as per the identified medication errors in clinical functionality. As per this quality improvement project of implementing a Short-term periodic training program to overcome medication error in organisation, it is expected that findings will demonstrate a clear decrease in the medication error events and improvement in patient safety. The PDSA approach applied for quality improvement development and analysis allows reviewing the program strategy in every periodic repetition of STPT program. Hence, this technique can be modified as per post education intervention outcomes using PDSA model of quality improvement. Fletcher, R. H., Fletcher, S. W., & Fletcher, G. S. (2012).  Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., & Gray, J. R. (2014).  Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Agyemang, R. E. O., & While, A. (2010). Medication errors: types, causes and impact on nursing practice.  British journal of Nursing,  19(6). Chhabra, P. T., Rattinger, G. B., Dutcher, S. K., Hare, M. E., Parsons, K. L., & Zuckerman, I. H. (2012). Medication reconciliation during the transition to and from long-term care settings: a systematic review.  Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,  8(1), 60-75. Chiang, H. Y., Lin, S. Y., Hsu, S. C., & Ma, S. C. (2010). Factors determining hospital nurses' failures in reporting medication errors in Taiwan.  Nursing outlook,  58(1), 17-25. Jones, J. H., & Treiber, L. (2010). When the 5 rights go wrong: medication errors from the nursing perspective.  Journal of Nursing Care Quality,  25(3), 240-247. Kalisch, B. J., & Aebersold, M. (2010). Interruptions and multitasking in nursing care.  The joint commission journal on quality and patient safety,36(3), 126-132. Kwan, J. L., Lo, L., Sampson, M., & Shojania, K. G. (2013). Medication reconciliation during transitions of care as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.  Annals of internal medicine,  158(5_Part_2), 397-403. Mohammad Nejad, I., Hojjati, H., Sharifniya, S. H., & Ehsani, S. R. (2010). Evaluation of medication error in nursing students in four educational hospitals in Tehran.  Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine,  3, 60-69. Mueller, S. K., Sponsler, K. C., Kripalani, S., & Schnipper, J. L. (2012). Hospital-based medication reconciliation practices: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,  172(14), 1057-1069. Nakayama, D. K., Bushey, T. N., Hubbard, I., Cole, D., Brown, A., Grant, T. M., & Shaker, I. J. (2010). Using a plan-do-study-act cycle to introduce a new OR service line.  AORN journal,  92(3), 335-343. Pham, J. C., Aswani, M. S., Rosen, M., Lee, H., Huddle, M., Weeks, K., & Pronovost, P. J. (2012). Reducing medical errors and adverse events.  Annual review of medicine,  63, 447-463. Raban, M. Z., & Westbrook, J. I. (2014). Are interventions to reduce interruptions and errors during medication administration effective?: a systematic review.  BMJ quality & safety,  23(5), 414-421. Sears, K., Goldsworthy, S., & Goodman, W. M. (2010). The relationship between simulation in nursing education and medication safety.  Journal of Nursing Education,  49(1), 52-55. Seys, D., Wu, A. W., Van Gerven, E., Vleugels, A., Euwema, M., Panella, M., ... & Vanhaecht, K. (2012). Health care professionals as second victims after adverse events: a systematic review.  Evaluation & the health professions, 0163278712458918. Unver, V., Tastan, S., & Akbayrak, N. (2012). Medication errors: perspectives of newly graduated and experienced nurses.  International journal of nursing practice,  18(4), 317-324.

Bush Administration and sanctions on policy of torture on detainees Research Paper

Bush Administration and sanctions on policy of torture on detainees - Research Paper Example 7 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 7. Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Torture is an unquestionable crime and cannot be justified with any rationale, no matter how reasonable it may sound. Torture is prohibited by all civilized societies and both the US and International laws hold it in strict abhorrence. According to the US as well as International laws, those convicted of assault and tortures are liable to be punished. The US code lays out strict rules on torture and all other acts that come under its purview, with clear orders on the punishments and penalties that should be meted out to its violators. In spite of such regulations, it is alleged that the US administration under the presidency of George W. Bush, indulged in torturing detainees alleged for terrorism and other crimes. The entire world expressed outrage over such US policies, blaming them to be the reason behind the increased insurgence of terrorism and the lack of support from allies, however, it is surprising to note that many others justified it as being legal and the need of the hour. The Bush Administration refuted all such claims, saying that no such policies on torture of detainees were sanctioned, but the piling list of evidences against it speaks otherwise. This calls for a formal inquiry by the Obama Administration as well as the US Justice Department into all the policies sanctioned under the Bush Administration. If President Bush and all the other policy makers are convicted of resorting to torture, they must be brought to book and should be penalized with full justification to the US penal code, failing which wou ld be the greatest failure of law and order in our times. According to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, torture is a punishable act and the violators of these are bound to be penalized. Accordingly, the Bush Administration is punishable by law, as its secret policies on torture are not secret anymore. Tortures under the Bush administration According to Taylor1, the US government recognized all the international conventions against torture. Nevertheless, the Bush administration secretly sanctioned torture methods for the interrogation of detainees of its â€Å"War on terror† post September 11. It justified such acts as being legal and â€Å"morally permissible†, when they became known in public. The Bush administration sanctioned water boarding, forced nudity, slee p deprivation, temperature extremes, stress position and prolonged isolation as "safe, legal, ethical, and effective" enhanced interrogation techniques which were previously considered torture and forbidden by the United Nations Committee Against Torture1. Torture became a state policy of the United States under Bush administration wherein prisoners of War on Terror were tortured as a matter of policy and practice at Abu Ghraib prison by American troops as well as more experienced torturers (Masciulli, Molchanov and Knight 349). According to news reports, President Bush had authorized the use of waterboarding2 and other inhumane tortures against criminals in its war on terror. Innumerable evidences of torture are

How important are the facial expressions of emotion in human Essay

How important are the facial expressions of emotion in human communication - Essay Example He observed various tricks followed by unusual gestures and even took into account the movement of every single facial muscle. After analysing in depth study of human facial muscles accompanied by expressions with respect to emotions he presented two models of facial expressions, "Neuro Cultural Model" and "Social Ecology Model". Neuro Cultural Model also approved and researched by Ekman, states that human being's facial expressions are influenced by cultural as well as biological motives, so the attitude is subjected to change according to one's culture, gender and social status. Social Ecology Model serves as an alternate to cultural model. Although Darwin was not the first one to research on the emotional expressions of human beings. Before Darwin the topic was researched by Charles Bells who believed that facial expressions including smiles, frowns, laughs, sighs, beams, grimace, disgust and anger stand for humans as a natural language to communicate with each other, infact he possessed the view that facial expressions are the main source by which one soul communicates with another. Darwin denied the theological foundation for emotional expression that Bell presented and analysed after making comparisons of facial movements in children, adults, the insane, as well as in animals like monkeys, dogs and cats done with the aid of photography and sketches. He proved by such comparisons several similarities across ages, sexes and mental capacities. (Hodge & Radick, 2003, p. 110) Darwin also analysed the expressions among ancestors and proved that human facial expressions have nothing to do with the communication or souls (Bells' Theory). Its is a certain mental state which is accompanied by actions that brings relief or gratification, then those actions thereafter accompanies the mental state for example, the turning away and the wrinkled nose of disgust, elicited originally by the sight of some repulsive object, might again be displayed due to the feeling alone. Darwin called this the 'principle of serviceable associated habits' and used it to explain various facial gestures like frowning, dejection, smiling and so on. (2003, p. 110) While analysing different states and gestures, Darwin realised the importance of facial expressions in cultural as well as cross cultural studies and proposed that emotional facial expression plays a major role concerning cooperation among members of a society because it allows an exchange of information about affective reactions and behavioural tendencies. In the field of human interaction, the importance of facial expression can be best proved by the example that concerns interaction between mothers and their infants. (Scherer, 1988, p. 162) Besides Neuro cultural model, Darwin also emphasised on cross cultural studies in context with facial expression of emotion, but most of the research is done by Ekman who described the human face as an important source of information in social interaction. Ekman (1978) describes the face as a multimessage, multisignal semiotic system. (1988, p. 162) Ekman along with Friesen continued the work of Darwin on 'muscle movement', and after analysing several studies, which include six pictures of posed, and

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Religion - Essay Example w Research Center for the People & the Press and the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life indicate that around 96% of Americans believe in God or other supreme being which is an indication that there is some form of religion that is alive in America. Further research by General Social Survey (GSS) shows that in the 21st Century, the number of Americans attending religious services and those who proclaim their religious preference has since doubled from that of the previous century. As from 2008 in the onset of economic crisis, the number of Americans who turned religious is said to have increased drastically. Critics say this is as a way of trying to seek divine intervention from the economic problems but according to Newport in his book God Is Alive and Well: The Future of Religion in America, it is because they realized that it is only through religion and divine intervention that they can be redeemed and get solace (Newport 45). This can be said to be the case because even as the economic problems eased, those that had become religious did not revert back to secular ways but have continued to remain among the religious based on the polls conducted by research firms. According to Newport, the evidence of religion is through actions where religious people are expected to change their behavior from bad to good or even better. Based on this therefore as an indication of an increase in religion, America can be said to be religious (Newport 156). Further evidence other than the one from the polls indicates a reduction in crime. This is an indication that many Americans have changed their behavior for the better. The elections of 2012 also proved to have religion in mind and proved that religion is alive. The leaders who were vying for positions such as the senate one had religious agendas in mind though not expressed directly. For example some of them were prolife and repulsed all the evil that is not acceptable by religion. If the leaders are religious, then many

A Matter of Personality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Matter of Personality - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the type of personality characteristics that a store manager should possess is that of a people-centered personality: sociable, accommodating, understanding, caring, and taking into perspective the needs and demands of both, the customers and the employees – with committed adherence to the policies and procedures explicitly defined by the store or by the organization. These traits and characteristics are important to ensure the manager’s success because these traits signify genuine interest in addressing the concerns, needs, and demands of customers and employees; two of the most important stakeholders in an organization. When compared to the personality of Wallace, it could be deduced that he is more of a task-oriented manager; who does not have any concern for the well-being and interests of his employees or of the customers. He was noted to exhibit the â€Å"personality of an army drill sergeant†. In addition, h e was obviously not people-centered since he was described as uncaring, does not address the customers’ complaints, and does not even follow the policies of the organization, especially in terms of accommodating returns. The personality of Wallace evidently demotivates employees. As noted, the employees do not care about Wallace as their store manager; meaning, they do not have any established professional bonds to respect or follow his ideals.

Why are adjusting entries necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are adjusting entries necessary - Essay Example A situation that requires an adjustment entry is when an amount in the accounting records of the company has already been recorded but the amount is realized that it is far more than the current accounting period. Consequently, there are other situations that the adjusting journal entries may be required before the company issue the financial statements for example a situation when there is nothing that has been entered into the accounting records for a particular expense or revenue that did occur and require that they are included in the income statement and the balance sheet of the current period. Another situation is when some amount of money has already been entered in the accounting records but it needs to be divided between two or more accounting periods. Adjusting entries are used to measure income and financial position of the company or organization in a very useful and relevant way. For example if the management of the company would wish to know the much they earned during the last few months or years and even its liabilities and assets at particular date. This makes it a necessary reason for making the entries that will indicate the actual and realistic positions to the users. The procedure for making these adjustments and entries must be complete and consistent at the end of each accounting period (Lypko, 2013). Therefore the accountants must ensure that they make these adjustments by analyzing thoroughly the accounts and determine which account requires adjustment. Adjusting entries allows financial statements to be compared through different accounting periods (matching rule). Management of the company can use the adjustment entry journal to analyze whether the company is making progress in terms of earning profits or improving its financial position. For example if the accrued salary expense for a given month is

CIPD Diploma (Human Resource Practice Course ) Assignment - 1

CIPD Diploma (Human Resource Practice Course ) - Assignment Example For example, if an organization collects data about worker satisfaction and stores the data without acting on it, it is meaningless. However, is the data collected is accurate and well analysed, it can be of great help to the organization. There are numerous reasons as to why the organization needs to collect HR data. The major reason for collecting data is managerial decision making and action. The management needs to decide on various issues that affects workers and organization success and cannot do so without accurate information. It needs to know what competitors are doing in respect of employees in order to gain competitive advantage; whether workers are satisfied and what can be done to improve their morale in order to increase productivity and other aspects such as absenteeism, labor turnover, and performance levels. Another reason is for legal compliance. The law requires organizations to comply with labor laws such as laws against discrimination, termination and redundancy. To avoid legal litigations for claims of unfair dismissal or termination, the organization needs to collect and record all information regarding workers such as pay, performance levels and disciplinary actions taken to act as evidence in such cases. To avoid discrimination cases, it needs to record information about age of workers, sex, race, religion, disability, pay levels and also recruitment procedures. This data informs the organization whether it is complying with the law and can also be used as evidence in discrimination cases. The health and safety legislation also requires records of accidents, exposure to harzadous substances and training provided to be kept. There are various types of data collected within the organization to support HR practices. Quantitative data such as employee turn over, absenteeism, vacancy forecasts and sales targets are crucial for HR in manpower planning, performance management and

Selling kidney illegally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selling kidney illegally - Essay Example This is why there is a rising demand for kidneys. That a black market in illegal kidney selling exists cannot be denied but it does so because supply from legal sources is unable to keep up with the rising demand nowadays. There are long waiting lists and many people are left with no choice but to seek kidneys from the abundant illegal sources. The problem is that this has become an affair that is unregulated. As a result, racketing is proliferating, the conditions under which the illegal transplants take place are usually highly risky, the poor in particular are exploited, and numerous other problems prevail. The only solution is regulations, which will be argued for in detail. We shall also cite the story of Moshe, a victim of the black market, and consider the experience of Iran, where the practice is legal, as a model. Unfortunately, this demand for kidneys cannot be met as long as kidney selling remains illegal. Officially conducted transplants are the only legal option but there is a shortage in the available number of willing donors. There are long waiting lines for people that need a new kidney transplant, and according to UNOS, the waiting list for kidney donations is the longest organ-specific waiting list. The number of patients on the U.S. waiting list reached â€Å"97,670 as of Dec. 31, 2007†¦ an increase of nearly 84 percent in 10 years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Medical News Today) The wait does not end quickly either, and according to a Harvard Medical School report, the average waiting time between listing and transplantation is projected to be nearly 10 years by 2010 (Gaston, 2003). Also, whilst people are waiting their health is ailing, and deaths are not rare. For example, â€Å"In 2007, nearly 6,000 people died while on the waiting list†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (ibid) So the wait is not only long , but also in many cases can prove to be fatal. The demand for kidneys is so great that a black market thrives to fulfill it. But it is unregulated and not without

Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that precedes the quote. Essay Example for Free

Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that precedes the quote. Essay In his article â€Å"A Matter of Degrees,† Clive Crook illustrates the importance of literacy today: â€Å"Illiteracy has always cut people off from the possibility of a prosperous life, and from full civil engagement†¦ Three out of ten seniors in public high school still fail to reach the basic-literacy standard† (30). 2. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that interrupts the quote. â€Å"So much about today’s adult industry seems like an undeft parody of Hollywood and the nation writ large,† says David Foster Wallace in the essay â€Å"Big Red Son,† describing the evolution of adult film stars. â€Å"†¦The gynecologically explicit sexuality of Jenna [Jameson], Jasmin [St. Claire], et al. seems more than anything like a Mad magazine spoof of the â€Å"smoldering† sexuality of Sharon Stone and Madonna and so many other mainstream iconettes† (29-30). 3. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that follows the quote. â€Å"I love the Cup because it stripped away all the things about professional sports that Ive come to despise†¦ The World Cup just bangs it out: Two cool national anthems, two 45-minute halves, a few minutes of extra time and usually were done. Everything flies by. Everything means something. Its the single best sporting event we have by these four measures: efficiency, significance, historical context and truly meaningful/memorable/exciting moments,† says Bill Simmons of ESPN. com in â€Å"Bill Simmons: World Cup 20 Questions,† explaining some of the virtues of the international soccer tournament. Works Cited Crook, Clive. A Matter of Degrees. The Atlantic Monthly Nov. 2006: 28-30. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 July 2010. Simmons, Bill. Bill Simmons: World Cups 20 Questions ESPN. ESPN: The Worldwide Leader In Sports. ESPN Internet Ventures, 1 July 2010. Web. 05 July 2010. Wallace, David Foster. Big Red Son. Consider the Lobster and Other Essays. New York: Little, Brown, 2006. 3-50. Print.

Tiger Airways Essay Example for Free

Tiger Airways Essay Tiger airways have a few critical issues which could be solved. Tiger airways did not seem to have a very good relationship with their consumers. For one, despite the attempts to connect with the consumers through social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, consumers were regularly complaining about the company on these sites. Instead of clarifying matters and executing a good customer relations strategy, Tiger deleted negative comments off their official Facebook page and remained silent for 72 hours after the grounding took place. Tiger also allowed an Australian television channel to air a program documenting all the negative and dismal areas of Tiger’s operations. All these actions only served to reduce consumer confidence and trust. With consumers being the driving force behind Tiger’s profitability, the company should focus on building goodwill and trust, and in light of the grounding, to also reassure them of their values of low cost and safety. The solution is to offer complimentary flights to affected consumers and make use of this opportunity to build good relations with them. Tiger can also turn this into an opportunity for positive media coverage showing the company’s sincerity in righting the wrongs. Encourage two-way communication between tiger and its stakeholders. Start being more proactive in communicating with consumers and anticipate their grievance. Come up with a contingent communication strategy and how to deal with consumers to build goodwill and trust. Or they can improve the consumer hotline and reassure customers about their safety by hiring a third party to vouch for them (ingratiation strategy). Tiger airway is also facing issues with the investors. As soon as the grounding took place, Tiger’s SGX stock price plunged, showing a lack of confidence on the part of investors. Interesting to note was that share prices continued to plummet even after tiger resumed its flights. This would not probably be because airline capacity was still low due to consumer doubts about the airline’s safety. The only way investor’s confidence can be improved is by first gaining the support of consumers because they are the ones fuelling tiger’s profitability. With a lack of consumer support, investor confidence will be equally weak as they would not see any growth prospects or returns from their investment. Hence, this problem can only be fixed over time and is dependent on tiger’s ability to convince consumers of safety of their flights. It has to work on building strategic credibility in the long run. In the meantime, tiger should provide a short-term solution to calm investors and convince them their investments will be worthwhile. Solution to this is that communicating to all stakeholders about what exactly tiger airways us trying to do to gain consumer’s confidence and increase transparency, whether regarding tiger’s financial losses or the real reason behind the grounding. Assure investors that Australia is a profitable region worth investing in and thank them for their loyalty to the company. Another solution is capitalized on SIA’s reputation to gain investor confidence. Inform investors that SIA holds majority of the shares in tiger airways and they still have confidence that tiger airways will be able to get back on its feet soon. As CYS is taking over as CEO, tiger can capitalise on his reputation by mentioning that the company will be in good hands given that CYS is from SIA and has experience leading a world class airline. Tiger airways should also focus on building consumer confidence and assume investor confidence will improve from there. In other words, maintain status quo and remain silent. Lastly, being a budget carrier, low fares of priority to Tiger. Just like wal-mart, this drive to attain lower and lower costs results in employee neglect. Pilots became overworked and underpaid, and employees were either offered redeployment to other bases or given redundancy packages during the period of the grounding. Some employees even threatened legal action against the company when tiger did not make the payments required to them. Employees are no doubt an important group of stakeholders in any company, as can be seen from recent cases of worker strikes causing huge airlines such as Qantas to halt operations and experience significant losses. As company already in the red, anymore losses resulting from employee mistakes or strikes will not bode well for the future prospects of Tiger, especially with it being a budget carrier. There is no other option for tiger but to build up their relationship with their employees. Possible solutions is to provide greater benefits to employees such as off-days for a flight lasting for a number of days, to prevent employees from being overworked and making unnecessary and costly mistakes. Increase employee welfare by providing channels for them to air their grievances and implement a two-way communication system where their problems or difficulties can be sorted out. Apologising for their inconvenience and mistakes made in the handling of the situation and assure the employees of the steps the company is taking to clean up the crisis. Engage employees’ help to build up the reputation and trust of the company by first treating them better and allowing them more channels to communicate with management. Tiger airways are a low-cost airline whose corporate strategy is centred on cost-cutting measures. The grounding, however, serves as a reminder of the importance of the airline’s safety. Tiger’s flawed corporate strategy could also be seen when they failed to take CASA’s show cause notice in May seriously, leading to the eventual grounding of their entire fleet. Although it can be said that tiger’s reputation is derived from their low fares, it is the basic prerequisite for airlines to ensure safe operations. This is where they differ from Wal-mart, which has a similar ‘Everyday Low Price’ strategy. Improving their strategy would serve to improve tiger’s reputation in the long run. Solution to it is to increased transparency of tiger’s operations. Update stakeholders regularly with a list of actions that tiger airways will undertake in the following months to improve safety, and also prepare a crisis communication plan this is updated regularly. Tiger airways should work with CASA to come up with safety regulation guidelines that complement tiger’s low-cost strategy. Of all the critical issues being mentioned above, it is in the best interest of the company to choose to improve on the relationship with consumers. Tiger should understand that two-way communication and dialogue is pertinent in establishing mutual trust and loyalty amongst consumers. Neglecting their social media feeds in their time of crisis resulted in a missed social media opportunity for the company. Tiger should have taken advantage of the instant communication provided by these social media outlets to convey important messages to consumers during the crisis and answer all their queries and allay concerns immediately. This would definitely reduce the frustrations felt by consumers arising from the silent approach employed by the company.

Verbal And Nonverbal Communication English Language Essay

Verbal And Nonverbal Communication English Language Essay Introduction The communication process made of  a message being sent and perceived by the others. The message may be verbal or non-verbal. Communication means talking, making friends, interacting with people, having relationships either private life relationships or work related. Communicating with others is essential in leading a normal life. We all communicate in our own way but we need to learn how to do it effectively. Communication has two types, there is verbal communication and non verbal communication. The verbal is includes oral communication mean that through words and writing. Example, a lecturer writing at the whiteboard and speaking at the class, and the students are writing what the lecturer spoke out and read what lecturer wrote out. Second, non-verbal communication is without words mean that is expressive behaviors and body language/body signal. Examples, a boy kiss a girl to show the girl that he love her. The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective commun ication. It is through the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that follow the communication process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their profession. Effective communication leads to understanding. The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. When encoding a message, the sender has to begin by deciding what he/she wants to transmit. This decision by the sender is based on what he/she believes about the receivers knowledge and assumptions, along with what additional information he/she wants the receiver to have. It is important for the sender to use symbols that ar e familiar to the intended receiver. A good way for the sender to improve encoding their message, is to mentally visualize the communication from the receivers point of view. 1.1Types of Communication Communication can occur via various processes and methods and depending on the channel used and the style of communication there can be various types of communication. 1.1.1 Verbal communication Verbal communication is divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to speaking words in the communication process. Oral communication can be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the Messenger chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are affecting by voice modulation, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The Another type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be via letters, newspaper, mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, grammar, vocabulary used, clarity and precision of language. Below are some types of verbal communication: Types of verbal communication -speaking and writing -reading and listening Face to face discussions Telephone conversations 1.1.2 Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication is includes the body language or expressive behaviors of the person who is doing, which will include the body posture, overall body movements, and the hand gestures. The facial expressions are also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand gestures like a handshake, wave hand to say hello or goodbye, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Another example, a person want to show uncertainty will make some ehhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ahhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ermm sounds to mean that are not sure. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings. Types of non verbal -facial expression and eye behavior -gestures and postures -vocal characteristic -personal appearance -touching behavior -use of time and space Verbal communication also includes the written word. Written includes emails, books, letters, magazines, newspapers, notes, faxes, announcements, commercials etc. Anything that is written is also verbal communication. Oral communication has also besides real words, mere grunts, cries, whimpers that people make. Each sound we make can be interpreted and seen as a certain language. Communicating with others is done more easy and it`s more easy also to understand if the two people speak the same language. 1.2 Process of Communication Channel Medium Receivers send feedback to sender Sender has an idea1 6 Sender transform idea into message Receiver interprets message Speaking Verbal 2 5 Receiver gets message Sender transmit message Writing Non-Verbal 3 4 1.3 How does one ensure that the intended audience has received the right message? Communication is a two way process. It needs to have a sender, a receiver and a message. In order to have a successful ensure that the intended audience has received the right message, we need to send the message clearly. The key to a great communication understands each other. We should know that when communicating, there might appear some barriers. Below are some of barriers of communication: Between people 1) Difference in perception 2) Incorrect filtering 3) Language problems 4) Poor listening 5) Different emotional states 6) Different background 7) Misunderstandings Within organization 1) Information overload 2) Message complexity 3) Message competition 4) Lack of trust 5) Inadequate communication structure Very important when communicating to also listen to what the other person is saying. Communicating can be through body language, through signs or through visual representations. People have found many ways to communicate. The second most important way to communicate is through body language. The way we move our body and the mimics we make sends also a message, that`s why we should learn how to control our body language. Below is some way to ensure that the intended audience has received the right message: Sending the  Message There are four  elements involved  in  sending  a  message.  First,  as  the sender, formulate the  message intend to communicate. Next, consider  possible barriers  that may affect the message. This  includes experience,  the term  will  use  and  even feeling toward the subject  or  the audience. External  barriers  such  as  noise  must  also be considered. Third, encode  the message, you put  the  message into the  words you want to use. Last,  clearly communicate  (send) the message. Receiving The Message, there  are  also  four  elements  involved  in receiving a  message. The audience (receivers)  will first hear and/or see the message you sent. Second,  the message is  affected  by external barriers, if any, and  the audience own internal barriers.  Possible  internal barriers may  include  the audience experience  level,  their understanding of  the  terms used, their attitu de toward  the material,  or the way  they feel about you. Third, the audience decodes  the  message through the use of mental images. For instance, when you say the word  circus, the receiver does  not see the  letters that  form the word. Instead,  a mental  image  of some sort appears.  Fourth, the audience interpret the message.  Clearly,  at this  point in the process there  is  no  way  for you to determine that  all of the audience received the message you intended.   To determine this, you must get feedback. Feedback Feedback, which may take several  forms, provides essential information about your success in communicating the message.   To get feedback, have the audience respond to oral questions and  encourage  them  to ask questions.  The audience  non-verbal  behaviors also  provide important clues  as  to  their  understanding  of  the  material. Facial expressions and body movements  often  indicate  when  audiences are  unsure  about  the  meaning  of  your message.   Ã‚  You should  be careful in accepting a yes response  when you ask Do you understand? Obtain meaningful  feedback by  asking questions  that  require  the audience to  provide  answer which indicate that they in fact  do understand exactly  what  you  intended. Listening Listening is one of our most important communication skills.  It   is   an   active   process   of hearing   and   understanding   that   demands   concentration   and   attention.   Both you and your audience have responsibilities in the communication process. You must ensure that  the learning environment is free of distractions that might interfere with the audience ability  to listen. Be alert to the non-verbal behaviors of your audience. Facial expressions  reveal  much  of what is  happening  in  the mind  of  a  audience. A quizzical look indicates some misunderstanding has occurred or  a question needs  to  be  addressed.  An audience leaning slightly forward and maintaining good eye contact  with  you  is probably interested and sincere about  learning. Raised hands and relevant questions  are sure signs that you are communicating effectively. Learn to determine if audiences are   Ã‚  listening  by the type of  feedback they  provide. Effective   Ã‚  listening depends on motivation, and you are the prime motivator in your classroom. Audience  should  arrive  for instruction ready to  learn. They should participate and ask questions as they  arise.  Audience must  understand  that they  have  responsibility for their own learning. This requires active listening on their part. 1.4 Conclusion Communication is a two way process. It needs to have a sender, a receiver and a message. In order to have a successful ensure that the intended audience has received the right message, we need to send the message clearly. The key to a great communication understands each other. We should know that when communicating, there might appear some barriers. The communication process made of  a message being sent and perceived by the others. The message may be verbal or non-verbal. Communication means talking, making friends, interacting with people, having relationships either private life relationships or work related. Communicating with others is essential in leading a normal life. We all communicate in our own way but we need to learn how to do it effectively. Question 2 2.0 Introduction Nowadays, many youngsters and gamers who like to catch up latest home video game console are using and playing Play station 3, Xbox 360, Wii in their house as it would be exciting, high graphic and satisfy gamers needs such as following games Final Fantasy VII, Metal Gear Solid 4, Assassins Creed and more. Why many people like to play home video game console? Because the PS3, Xbox 360, Wii user can entertainment at home without go out and the main point is the games graphic is High Density, everything in the game is very nice, lifelike, clearly. Our Company SonyZ has recently brought in Play station 4 (PS4), which is a high-tech slim home video game console with competes with Microsofts Xbox 360 and Nintendos Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. The Play station 4 is the third home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment and the successor to the PlayStation 3 as part of the PlayStation series. This product is suitable for teenagers and game rs. Though there are many different types of home video game console out in the market, Play station 3 serves as an effective and high quality product due to its top-notch built-in features and functions.The redesigned, slimmer version of the PlayStation 3 (commonly referred to as the PS4 Slim and officially branded PS4) is currently the only model in production. It features an upgradeable 120  GB, 160  GB, 250  GB or 320  GB hard drive and is 33% smaller, 36% lighter and consumes 34% (CECH-20xx) or 45% (CECH-21xx) less power than the previous model, or one third of the original PS4 model. The Cell microprocessor has moved to a 45  nm manufacturing process, which lets it run cooler and quieter than previous models, and the cooling system has been redesigned. The RSX moved to a 40  nm process in the latest revision. The PS4 slim also includes support for CEC (more commonly referred to by its manufacturer brandings of BraviaSync, VIERA Link, EasyLink etc.) which allows control of the console over HDMI by using the TVs remote control. The PS4 Slim no longer has the main power switch like the previous PS3 models, similar to redesigned PlayStation 3 slim. Support for emulation to play PS3 titles is not present in the Slim version. This product will soon-to-be-launched. The PlayStation 3 features a slot-loading 2x speed Blu-ray Disc drive for games, Blu-ray movies, DVDs, CDs and other optical media. It was originally available with hard drives of 20 and 60  GB (20  GB model was not available in PAL regions) but various sizes up to 320  GB have been made available since then (see: model comparison). All PS3 models have user-upgradeable 2.5 SATA hard drives. The PlayStation 3 uses the Sony, Toshiba, IBM-designed Cell microprocessor as its CPU, which is made up of one 3.2  GHz PowerPC-based Power Processing Element (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs). The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields. Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the consoles operating system. Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX Reality Synthesizer, which can output resolutions from 480i/576i SD up to 1080p HD. The PlayStation 3 has 256  MB of XD R DRAM main memory and 256  MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX. The system has Bluetooth 2.0 (with support for up to 7 bluetooth devices), gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0 and HDMI 1.4built in on all currently shipping models. Wi-Fi networking is also built-in on all but the 20  GB models, while a flash card reader (compatible with Memory Stick, SD/MMC and CompactFlash/Microdrive media) is built-in on 60  GB and CECHExx 80  GB models. 2.1 How to communicate target audience to persuade them to buy this product First, know our audience. Not just the demos, but what are their needs, desires, goals and more. When you know that, look at your product/service to see how it addresses those needs. Think, too, of how it does it in ways that no other competing product can. And push beyond that to think about the ways in which our product enhances their lives that may not be readily obvious to them. Now, you have the keys to developing a message that reaches the right audience and develops the right connect. And if know our audience that well, you also know where to find them TV viewers, internet users, newspaper readers and more. That allows you to build a strategy laying out the key points or messages you want to convey and the optimal places or ways to convey it. But whatever you do, be present and genuine in your communications. Be engaged with the audience. Reply, chat, take criticism with praise, but stay in the conversation. Thats where really start to build the connect. And also, we will use the verbal and non verbal to communicate our product to persuade target audience to buy our product. Verbal communication is divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to speaking words in the communication process. Oral communication can be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the Messenger chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are affecting by voice modulation, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The Another type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be via letters, newspaper, mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, grammar, vocabulary used, clarity and precision of language. 2.2 ADDITIONAL BENEFITS Every purchasers of PS 3 will have one year warranty. Consumer can send back the PS 3 to our branches if the Play station got any problem without more than one year after purchased and not include those problems such as, the Play station was soaked by water, destroyed intentionally, lost cases. If some company makes an order in more than 100~30 units of Play station 3, delivery is available. The products we sold out are not refundable. Any purchased with cash, credit card and cheque are acceptable. 2.3 Advertisement for this product We advertising it by media, this means sharing information through radio, TV or Internet. Many computer users can find our product through internet. By advertising, it also includes billboards, flyers, banners, pamphlets, bus shelters and more. . Besides that , our company used promotion the element of the service mix which allows the consumer know our latest product by many way of promote, example : our product has invite some artist to advertisement in TV , big poster beside the highway road to let consumer know it, radio ,newspaper ,phone magazines , upload to internet web to let consumer know our product. And also, By PR (or Public Relations), these are the people a business hires to get their message out to others (like news outlets for example) for them to carry the message to customers or potential customers. A good way to get lots of free coverage. Besides that, by email send and receive information to keep customers informed and clear, and by online chat sessions are an effe ctive and common way to resolve customer complaints via the business web site. At last, by mail; many businesses send information as advertising or announcements using postal mail.

followers Essay -- essays research papers

Followers plan an active role in the process of leadership. By being a follower, it does not mean that one is inferior to a leader, but that they simply play a different role. Webster’s dictionary defines follow as to come or occur after, but it does not necessarily imply a causal relationship with what goes before. A follower is part of the team. A quarterback cannot win the game without the efforts of the entire team. He can throw or run the ball but without his team members blocking, he will not make the touch down. Much like a game, team players are imperative to the success of the organization. There are five different types of followers as stated by Frisina (2005) in the article Learn to Lead by Following. The types of followers Frisina identified include â€Å"yes people†, sheep, survivors, alienated followers, and effective followers. â€Å"Yes people† are those followers that always agree to what the leader is saying. As Wojcicki (2001) wrote in his article, A Role for Followers in These Extraordinary Times, followers must give leaders the time and freedom to develop plans of action. John Kennedy said though, that our role as followers is sometimes only to consent. After the plan is in motion, or an order is given, the role of the employee is to carry out the plan, not argue the strategy. Being a â€Å"yes person† means that there is never any disagreement between a leader and a follower. Sometimes a follower might have a better idea and thinks outside the box. A good leader shou...

The Exploration of the Orgasm Essay -- essays research papers

The role of the orgasm in heterosexual relationships is significant in having a satisfying malefemale relationship according to society’s expectations. By using the malefemale binary, as well as exploring the social construction of sex, we can see just how significant the role the orgasm plays in heterosexual relationships. First off, we must understand that orgasms are achieved differently for both males and females.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male orgasms are achieved through the male sex organ, being the penis. It has many nerve endings that are very sensitive. The female orgasm contains just as many of these nerve ending, but is a much smaller size. The penis is on average 5.5 inches, where the clitoris is about 1 inch. What is interesting is the actual act of sexual penetration in regards to orgasms. This act is perfectly constructed for the male to achieve orgasms, but poorly constructed for the female. The vagina is inches away from the clitoris, and is the primary body part involved in sex. Since the penis is penetrating the vagina, we see how it is easy for it to be fully stimulated and to reach climax. However, the female sex organ receives little if any stimulation depending on the position, which in fact makes it extremely hard for females to reach climax. It is also interesting to note that the act of intercourse itself ends not with the female orgasm, but with the male. Due to the biologica l make-up of males and females, the actual act of sex (penetration) is constructed around the male orgasm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When exploring the role of the orgasm, we have to take into consideration complexity of the female orgasm. Society makes up certain stereotypes for males and females in terms of sexual relationships. Here we take into consideration the malefemale binary in terms of sex and emotion. Males are able to separate sex from emotion, where females combine the two. Therefore, the female orgasm is both physical and metal. Some females even go further and say that without both components involved, the female orgasm is extremely hard to achieve unless they are both physically and mentally involved with their male counterpart. This also requires most females to be completely comfortable with their male partner. Society on the other hand finds it acceptable for men to be sexually promiscuous, and this is a key factor for men to be ab... ...ay â€Å"can we try something different, because this is not working for me†. This would then lead to the man feeling very tricked and betrayed, and would be a blow to his ego (because he not masculine according to society unless he can please the woman). Therefore, women should learn to always be honest, and let the man know he makes you feel good whether you orgasm or not, but that there are certain things he can do (oral, sex toys) that can help you achieve orgasm as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, we see that through certain social stigma, such as masturbation and oral sex, as well as through the concepts of the male being the gift giver, and the act of penetration focusing on the penis, society gives little importance to the female orgasm. In terms of heterosexual relationships it is important for the female to be open with her partner in informing him of what is needed to increase her sexual pleasure, which will help bring her to orgasm as well. Society has placed a great importance on orgasms in relationships, especially in terms of the male, and as a result we have found ways to ensure this is satisfied through faking it, sex toys, and different sexual acts.

Musical Theatre Essay -- essays research papers

Girl Crazy (#14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The musical â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a boy named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His dad was worried about his way with women so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family dude ranch called â€Å"The Buzzards.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his way to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his very bad Yiddish jokes. He eventually fell in love with a woman named Patsy West, who was also a nosey telephone operator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-girl named Molly Grey. He was in love with her, although he had just left his old girlfriend in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had stolen Tess away from her old boyfriend; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was very upset at this, so when he heard of Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a little while, until Molly realized she should be with Danny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were also two people named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Slick managed the gambling room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the place somewhat of a party house. Kate was a nightclub singer that sang in Danny’s club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were two other people in the story that made it interesting and comical. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town villains and local thugs. At the end, these boys end up in jail. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the musical â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were many characters. The lead was probably John P. Wintergreen. It is a story of Wintergreen running for president and all the mishaps he had with women. There were a few people on his political committee. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the chairman of the committee. Alexander Throttlebottom was the vice-president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story was about a national beauty contest and the winner got to be the first lady. Just before the winner was announced, John met a girl named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the beauty contest. The two immediately fell in love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The winner of the contest was Diana Devereaux. After the winner was announced, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a lot of prayer and singing, trying to drown out the sound of the wind and storm. Clara is very scared for Jake. All of the sudden, they hear a knock at the door and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had died in the storm. He come in and starts saying bad things about God. He tells Bess that she will be with him forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bess sees Jakes boat outside the window. Clara gives her baby to Bess and runs to Jake. Crown, after being challenged, goes after Clara.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This began Act III. It was in the setting of a funeral. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. But Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and hides so he can attack him and kill him. He does eventually, after a long struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The detectives take Porgy in (in Scene II) to identify Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (as well as his drugs). When Porgy comes back, a week later, he was rich from playing dice in jail. He looks all over for Bess, only to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy vows that he will find her†¦and the story ends. Musical Theatre Essay -- essays research papers Girl Crazy (#14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The musical â€Å"Girl Crazy† was about a boy named Danny Churchill who lived in New York. His dad was worried about his way with women so he sent him to Custerville, AZ to get him away from them. Danny was to live on the family dude ranch called â€Å"The Buzzards.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his way to AZ, Danny rode in a taxi. The driver’s name was Gieber Goldfarb. He was known for his very bad Yiddish jokes. He eventually fell in love with a woman named Patsy West, who was also a nosey telephone operator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Danny gets to Custerville, he meets the post-girl named Molly Grey. He was in love with her, although he had just left his old girlfriend in New York. Her name was Tess Hardy. Danny had stolen Tess away from her old boyfriend; his name was Sam Mason. Sam was very upset at this, so when he heard of Danny’s whereabouts, he came to take Molly from him. It worked for a little while, until Molly realized she should be with Danny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were also two people named Slick and Kate Fothergill. Slick managed the gambling room at â€Å"The Buzzards† that Danny opened to make the place somewhat of a party house. Kate was a nightclub singer that sang in Danny’s club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were two other people in the story that made it interesting and comical. Their names were Lank and Pete. They were the town villains and local thugs. At the end, these boys end up in jail. Holly Conant Of Thee I Sing (#16)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the musical â€Å"Of Thee I Sing,† there were many characters. The lead was probably John P. Wintergreen. It is a story of Wintergreen running for president and all the mishaps he had with women. There were a few people on his political committee. Their names were Louis Lippman, Francis X. Gilhooley, Sen. Robert Lyons, Sen. Carver Jones, and Matthew Arnold Fulton, the chairman of the committee. Alexander Throttlebottom was the vice-president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story was about a national beauty contest and the winner got to be the first lady. Just before the winner was announced, John met a girl named Mary Turner. Mary was the secretary for the beauty contest. The two immediately fell in love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The winner of the contest was Diana Devereaux. After the winner was announced, ... ...II, Scene IV, there is a lot of prayer and singing, trying to drown out the sound of the wind and storm. Clara is very scared for Jake. All of the sudden, they hear a knock at the door and it’s Crown. Bess and Porgy had thought he had died in the storm. He come in and starts saying bad things about God. He tells Bess that she will be with him forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bess sees Jakes boat outside the window. Clara gives her baby to Bess and runs to Jake. Crown, after being challenged, goes after Clara.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This began Act III. It was in the setting of a funeral. It was being held for Jake, Clara, and Crown. But Crown isn’t dead! Porgy knows this and hides so he can attack him and kill him. He does eventually, after a long struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The detectives take Porgy in (in Scene II) to identify Crown’s body. While he is gone, Sporting Life offers himself to Bess (as well as his drugs). When Porgy comes back, a week later, he was rich from playing dice in jail. He looks all over for Bess, only to find that she had taken Sporting Life up on his offer and she’s in New York. Porgy vows that he will find her†¦and the story ends.

Management and Acceptance Theory

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT SUBJECT CODE –B-101 PART ONE Multiple Choice Questions with Single Response: Q1. A Plan is a trip laid to capture the ___________________ a. Future b. Past c. Policy d. Procedure Q2. It is the function of employing suitable person for the enterprise: a. Organizing b. Staffing c. Directing d. Controlling Q3. _________________ means â€Å"group of activities & employees into departments. † a. Orientation b. Standardization c. Process d. Departmentation Q4. This theory states that authority is the power that is accepted by others: a. Acceptance theory b. Competence theory c. Formal authority theory d. Informal authority theory Q5. It means dispersal of decision-making power to the lower levels of the organization: a. Decentralization b. Centralization c. Deispersion d. Delegation Q6. This chart is the basic document of the organizational structure: a. Functional chart b. Posts chart c. Master chart d. Departmental chart Q7. Communications which flow from superiors to subordinates with the help of scalar chain is known as: a. Informal communication b. Downward communication c. Upward communication d. Oral communication Q8. Needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention & social acceptance are: a. Physiological needs b. Safety needs c. Ego needs d. Social needs Q9. A management function which ensures â€Å"jobs to be filled with the right people, with the right knowledge, skill & attitudes†: a. Staffing defined b. Job analysis c. Manpower planning d. Recruitment Q10. It is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach to a decisions affecting their life: a. Selection b. Raining c. Reward d. Counseling PART TWO Short Notes Type Questions: Q1. Differentiate between ‘Administration’ and ‘Management’. Q2. What were the common drawbacks in classical and Neo classical theories of management? Q3. Write a short note on â€Å"Line Organization†. Q4. Write a short note on ‘Acceptance theory’. Answer 2: Classical theories of management relate to the earliest theories of management, that really led to recognition of management as and independent discipline of work and study. These included the ideas of pioneers like Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank Gilbreth. Max Weber, and Henry Fayol. These theories came into being beginning from late nineteenth century and were considered the core of management theory till about 1930's. Neo-classical theories of management developed during 1920's and later. These can be broadly divides in two groups – theories related to human aspects of management, and quantitative management techniques. Each of the theories under classical and neo-classical groups have their own values and limitations. But when we come to the common drawbacks of these theories, i can think of only one. All these theories concentrated on some limited aspect of management, and treated is as if it is the sole or most important aspect of management. Also, as would be natural to any developing discipline of management. Thus while people like Taylor concentrated too much on physical aspects of work, people connected with Hawthorne Studies, erroneously believed that they have discovered truths about shop-floor practices of workmen till then totally unknown to others, and concluded that the key to management lies only in promoting appropriate group behavior. Answer 3: Line organization is the most oldest and simplest method of administrative organization. According to this type of organization, the authority flows from top to bottom in a concern. The line of command is carried out from top to bottom. This is the reason for calling this organization as scalar organization which means scalar chain of command is a part and parcel of this type of administrative organization. In this type of organization, the line of command flows on an even basis without any gaps in communication and co- ordination taking place. Features of Line Organization 1. It is the simplest form of organization. 2. Line of authority flows from top to bottom. 3. Specialized and supportive services do not take place in these organizations. 4. Unified control by the line officers can be maintained since they can independently take decisions in their areas and spheres. This kind of organization always helps in bringing efficiency in communication and bringing stability to a concern. Merits of line Organization: 1. Simplest- It is the most simple and oldest method of administration. 2. Unity of Command: In these organizations, superioir-subordiante relationship is maintained and scalar chain of command flows from top to bottom. 3. Better Discipline: The control is unified and concentrates on one person and therefore, he can independently make decision of his own. Unified control ensures better discipline. 4. Flexibility: There is a co-ordination between the top most authority and bottom line authority. 5. Prompt decision: Due to the factors of fixed responsibility and unity of command, the officials can take prompt decision. Demerits of Line Organization: 1. Over reliance: The line executive’s decisions are implemented to the bottom. This results in over-relying on the line officials. 2. Lack of specialization: A line organization flows from a scalar chain from top to bottom and there is no scope for specialized functions. 3. Inadequate communication: The policies and strategies which are framed by the top authority are carried out in the same way. This leaves no scope for communication from the other end. The complaints and suggestions of lower authority are not communicated back to the top authority. So there is one way communications. 4. Lack of co- ordination: Whatever decisions are taken by the line officials, in certain situations wrong decisions, are carried down and implemented in the same way. Therefore, the degree of effective co-ordination is less. 5. Authority leadership: The line officials have tendency to misuse their authority positions. This leads to autocratic leadership and monopoly in the concern. Answer4: The â€Å"acceptance theory† is a philosophy which argues that â€Å"authority does not depend as much on ‘persons of authority' who give orders as on the willingness of those who receive the orders to comply with them. This idea combines both the traditional approach to management of a â€Å"top- down† structure where subordinates are to comply with the decisions of management. Yet, it is also embracing a more modern understanding of management, where this compliance is not blind and done without some level of questioning. If one were to buy the â€Å"acceptance theory† of management, then one also has to accept that subordinates do possess some level of intrinsic power that requires explanation, articulation, and clear definition of company policies and initiatives. In the â€Å"acceptance theory† model of management, the company's superiors must have a rapport with their subordinates so that this communication is evident, for their understanding and willingness to accept decisions, comply with policy, and fulfill management vision is essential. To accept â€Å"acceptance theory,† management must â€Å"accept† the premise that their workers have to be â€Å"accepted† as beings with their own sense of autonomy, freedom, and reasonability, as opposed to drones who will blindly follow where the company leads.